A Practical Localization System for Orchard Vehicles
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چکیده
This paper addresses the design, development and field-testing of a localization system for agricultural vehicles. The Autonomous Prime Movers (APMs) are electrical vehicles designed to operate in specialty crops, more specifically in orchards. In order to accomplish geo-referenced tasks inside the crops, the vehicles must know their pose with sub-metric accuracy. One of our requirements is that the localization system shouldn’t add to the vehicle’s hardware cost, so as to keep the acquisition cost to growers as low as possible. Therefore, we confine ourselves to solutions that use only the sensor suite already installed on the robot for navigation in our case, laser scanners and steering and wheel encoders. The developed localization methodology employs an Extended Kalman Filter. The APM pose is predicted using encoder odometry and updated with point and line features detected with the laser. Tests conducted at our experimental orchard-like environment in Pittsburgh and actual apple orchards in Pennsylvania and Washington states indicate that the localization system is able to estimate the vehicle pose with sub-metric accuracy. Keywords— Autonomous Agricultural Vehicles, GPS-Free Localization, Extended Kalman Filter. Resumo— Este artigo apresenta o projeto, implementação e testes de campo de um sistema de localização para véıculos agŕıcolas. Os Autonomous Prime Movers (APMs) são véıculos elétricos projetados para operações em pomares e viveiros. A fim de realizar tarefas geo-referenciadas dentro da plantação, os APMs devem conhecer sua posição com precisão sub-métrica. O sistema de localização não deve adicionar custos ao véıculo, de forma a facilitar sua aquisição por produtores agŕıcolas. Desse modo, o sistema desenvolvido utiliza apenas os sensores já dispońıveis no véıculo para navegação no caso, laser scanners e encoders, integrados utilizando um filtro de Kalman estendido (EKF). Testes realizados em pomares comerciais e experimentais demonstram que o sistema de localização é capaz de estimar a posição do véıculo de maneira eficiente, e indicam condições de operação onde o sistema apresenta precisão sub-métrica. Palavras-chave— Véıculos Agŕıcolas Autônomos, Localização sem GPS, Extended Kalman Filter.
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تاریخ انتشار 2012